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A.P.POLO - END COAL



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A.P.Polo - "End Coal" - Hamburg (Germany) - New Media Art. Abstract, contemporary work that addresses the environmental and climate issues of coal an...[+]


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Impression Giclée sur toile

Toutes nos toiles étirées sont faites sur-mesure, à partir d’une toile d’exposition de 410g/m2 Bois large de 1.5 pouce de style “galerie”.     
Impression Giclée avec encre pigmentée conçue pour répondre aux exigences de longévité de musées et galeries et assurer l’uniformité des nuances de couleur pour plus de 200 ans. [+]

A.P.POLO - END COAL   A P POLO  Impression sur toile
A.P.Polo - End Coal   Cadre de décoration (moulures)
Impression sur toile étirée   Expédition aux USA & Canada
Prêt à être accroché - Tendu sur cadre en bois d’une épaisseur de 1,5 pouces.
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$143
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$182
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$276
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$294
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$408
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$547
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1130
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1275


Toile étirée en plusieurs panneaux


A.P.Polo - End Coal   Impression sur toile
36 x 36 Triptique ( croix )
39 x 36 en comprenant l’espace.
1x12x36   2X [ 12X30
$731

Impression acrylique

Obtenez une pièce d’art moderne avec cette impression acrylique.
Fine Art fabriqué à partir d’un acrylique poli haut de gamme, le meilleur de sa catégorie, 99,9% optiquement pur et le dernier savoir-faire d’impression à plat.  
Vidéo
[+]

  Impression sur acrylique avec cadre flottant en arrière.
Imprimé jusqu’au bord et prêt à être accroché, avec un cadre flottant à l’arrière.     
1/8" Thickness:
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$232
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$311
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$413
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$537
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$766
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1046
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1752
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2134
3/16" Thickness:
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$330
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$430
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$559
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$716
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1006
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1361
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2155
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2639

  Impression sur acrylique avec entretoises ( cylindres métalliques )
Imprimé jusqu’au bord et prêt à être accroché, avec 4 cylindres (entretoises) en aluminium ( les vis murales sont incluses )
Nous suggérons un plus acrylique épais (3/16 ") pour les taille plus de 42 pouces, pour garantir un acrylique droit, sans courbure
1/8" Thickness:
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$232
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$311
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$413
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$537
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$766
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1046
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1752
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2134
3/16" Thickness:
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$330
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$430
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$559
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$716
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1006
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1361
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2155
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2639


Impression sur metal brossé / Impression lisse en métal blanc


Les sections de la photographie qui sont blanches ou très claires ne sont pas imprimées. Les zones blanches apparaissent métalliques.
Robuste, léger et offre un effet de réflexion de lumière unique [+]

  Impression sur metal brossé et cadre flottant
Impression pleine et montage avec un cadre flottant à l’arrière de 3/4 pouce d’épaisseur avec fil de suspension. 
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$218
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$293
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$390
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$508
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$726
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$992
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1681
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2044

  Impression sur métal brossé avec entretoises
Imprimé jusqu’au bord et prêt à être accroché, avec 4 cylindres (entretoises) en aluminium ( les vis murales sont incluses )
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$218
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$293
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$390
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$508
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$726
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$992
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1681
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2044

  Impression sur métal brossé avec une couche lustrée d’epoxy
Avec un cadre flottant à l'arrière et nous appliquons manuellement un vernis époxy pour un effet de lumière étonnant
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$544
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$699
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$898
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1141
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1589
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2137
40 x 40 pouces
103 x 103 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2557

Impression directe sur métal pour fournir une finition satinée lisse et blanche avec réflexion contrôlée de la lumière
Robuste, très léger et offre un effet mat [+]  

  Impression métal blanc avec cadre flottant à l’arrière
Impression pleine et montage avec un cadre flottant à l’arrière de 3/4 pouce d’épaisseur avec fil de suspension. 
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$218
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$293
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$390
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$508
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$726
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$992
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1681
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2044

  Impression sur métal brossé avec entretoises
Imprimé jusqu’au bord et prêt à être accroché, avec 4 cylindres (entretoises) en aluminium ( les vis murales sont incluses )
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$218
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$293
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$390
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$508
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$726
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$992
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1681
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$2044



HD ChromaLuxe Impression de Sublimation Métal haute brillance

A.P.Polo - End Coal    Impression métal HD avec cadre flottant sur le dos
A.P.Polo - End Coal   Impression de sublimation métal HD
A.P.Polo - End Coal   Impression metal
A.P.Polo - End Coal   HD sublimation métal imprimé avec décoration flotteur cadre (boîte)

Brillance des couleurs, durabilité supérieure et qualités archivistiques
Cette oeuvre est produite sur une sublimation de colorant Chromaluxe panneau en métal haute définition  
Vidéo
[+]

  Impression de Sublimation Hi-Gloss sur métal blanc avec cadre arrière
Impression pleine et montage avec un cadre flottant à l’arrière de 3/4 pouce d’épaisseur avec fil de suspension. 
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$256
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$364
18 x 18 pouces
46 x 46 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$430
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$503
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$673
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$986
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1369

  Impression de Sublimation Hi-Gloss sur métal blanc avec cadre décoratif
À l’intérieur d’un cadre de décoration (boîte)-cadre flottant noir
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$300
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$439
18 x 18 pouces
46 x 46 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$521
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$610
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$812
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1172
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1602


Impression sur bois

A.P.Polo - End Coal    Impression sur bois
A.P.Polo - End Coal   Impression sur bois

Imprimé avec des encres UV qui procurent une qualité d’image incroyable et qui résistent aux égratignures. Les couleurs ne pâliront pas à travers le temps.
Les zones blanches et très claires ne sont pas imprimées sur le bois, révélant la beauté naturelle de la texture du bois
Imprimé sur un bois large de 3/8 de pouces ( 9mm). Ce bois préparé à partir de merisier russe, il est durable et robuste. [+]

Impression sur bois avec cadre flottant arrière
Impression pleine et montage avec un cadre flottant à l’arrière  
Vidéo
[+]
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$206
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$274
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$363
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$471
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$670
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$914
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1576
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$1908


Impression en Rouleau.

Nous expédions dans le monde entier!

Impression sur toile giclée Livrée en rouleau  
Imprimé sur du papier peint mat Fine Art - Fourni à l’intérieur d’un tube d’expédition solide [+]
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$83
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$103
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$129
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$161
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$219
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$290
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$374
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$472
55 x 55 pouces
141 x 141 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$601


Papier giclée sans acide de première qualité  
Imprimé sur papier photo satiné - ( Affiche ) Fourni à l’intérieur d’un tube d’envoi Strong [+]
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$72
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$84
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$99
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$118
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$152
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$194
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$243
48 x 48 pouces
123 x 123 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$300
55 x 55 pouces
141 x 141 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$376


Giclée Art Matte Paper Print  
Imprimé sur un papier mat d’archives de qualité supérieure avec une texture lisse et un blanc neutre - Fourni à l’intérieur d’un tube d’expédition Strong [+]
12 x 12 pouces
31 x 31 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$87
16 x 16 pouces
41 x 41 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$110
20 x 20 pouces
51 x 51 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$139
24 x 24 pouces
62 x 62 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$175
30 x 30 pouces
77 x 77 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$242
36 x 36 pouces
92 x 92 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$323
42 x 42 pouces
108 x 108 cm
Aperçu de l’image
$419


Impression murale

Facile à installer. Vinyle auto-adhésif, lavable et repositionnable [+]
Vidéo
Pour obtenir le prix de votre murale, Entrez les mesures de votre mur :

POUCE PIED CM
Largeur: in.
Hauteur : in.
Width: ft in
Heigth: ft in
Width: cm
Heigth: cm


Notre technologie de 10 couleurs
Nos peintures murales sont produites sur des imprimantes avec une qualité d’impression photographique exceptionnelle. Une résolution d’image extrême : qualité d'image photographique
avec la gamme de couleurs plus grande de sa catégorie

Facile à installer
Notre impression murale peut être enlevée sans aucun dommage à vos murs. Facile à modifier ou à supprimer. Nous utilisons un média de 6 mil auto-adhésif en vinyle avec une texture subtile de lin-coton.
Changer l’apparence d’une pièce sans avoir à utiliser du papier peint traditionnel. Nos impressions murales deviennent la solution parfaite pour améliorer facilement n’importe quel espace résidentiel ou commercial !

Vinyle autocollant repositionnable livré par bande de 35 à 45 pouces de largeur qui se chevauchent légèrement pour faciliter l’installation.
[Plus d’infos sur nos impressions murales]

Impression encadrée sur mesure

Pour obtenir "A.P.Polo - End Coal " dans une impression encadrée.
Entièrement personnalisable - à la taille exacte que vous désirez. Sélectionnez le type de papier, le verre, le mat et le cadre de décoration
Commencez à construire votre impression encadrée personnalisée en sélectionnant l’une des moulures suivantes:
A.P.Polo - End Coal   Cadre photo
Modèle de cadre illustré : 832-745

MOULURE DÉCORATIVES
MOULURE DÉCORATIVES
MOULURE DÉCORATIVES
MOULURE DÉCORATIVES
MOULURE DÉCORATIVES
MOULURE DÉCORATIVES

Impression encadrée de format standard

   [+]  
Vidéo

28 x 28"
$391
28 x 28" Framed Print

A.P.Polo - End Coal   Impression du cadre
Surface imprimée: 24 x 24"
Total Intérieur de la surface: 28.00 x 28.00"
Bordure blanche: 2" on each side
Largeur de l'image: 1.25" on each side
Dimension physique totale: 29,25 x 29,25"

Frame model: 832-745
Printing method: 1200dpi UV cured ink on fine art matte board
Ready to hang with wire at the back

Horloge murale

Détails du produit

Cette œuvre d'art est réalisée en acrylique de haute qualité Prêt à être accroché.   
Vidéo

Mécanisme d'horloge avec un mouvement à quartz précis. Pile incluse
Disponible en format carré ou rond
Disponible en 12" 16" 24"

Créer le vôtre

Téléchargement Numérique

File resolution: 5000 x 5000 pixels


SUR CETTE OEUVRE: A.P.POLO - END COAL
A.P.Polo - "End Coal" - Hamburg (Germany) - New Media Art. Abstract, contemporary work that addresses the environmental and climate issues of coal and depicts a bucket-wheel excavator in abstract form. Coal is the world’s dirtiest energy source. Each year, hundreds of thousands of people die from coal pollution. Millions more suffer from coal-related illnesses. And the continued burning of coal is literally cooking our planet. Its time to end our addiction to coal and embrace a truly clean energy future. There is hardly any other intervention in nature and the environment that is as lasting and serious as the mining and use of lignite. In order to extract the coal, entire areas are devastated, the groundwater is damaged for centuries, and settlements are devastated. When lignite is converted into energy, large quantities of carbon dioxide, a climate killer, are released and the water bodies are heated up by the cooling water. What remains after the end of open-cast mining are gigantic holes that will be artificially filled with water for decades. Instead of fertile soils, cultivated substrates are created whose agricultural use is permanently restricted. The groundwater-dependent wetlands are turning into drip-feed biotopes that have to be artificially supplied with water on a permanent basis. Ancient forest areas such as the Hambach Forest disappear forever. In its special report Global Warming of 1.5°C, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessed mitigation pathways limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7° Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The IPCC analyzed various pathways for coal, all of which require a near-total reduction in coal use for electricity generation by 2050, with reductions of approximately two-thirds by 2030. Coal is only considered cheap because coal plants do not have to pay for the full social and environmental costs of coal burning on people’s health, the natural environment, and our climate. These costs, known as “externalities”, would double or triple the price of electricity from coal according to a Harvard University study, making renewables much cheaper. In China, mortality from air pollution is now valued at 10% of GDP. A 2015 IMF assessment put global fossil fuel subsidies at $5.3 trillion annually, which includes the costs of managing the environmental and health impacts of coal. Even without factoring in these externalities, the price of renewables is becoming increasingly competitive with coal. Wind power is now cheaper than coal in many markets; in the United States it’s now half the price of existing coal plants. In India, the cost of solar and wind is already cheaper than building coal plants using imported coal. And a modern coal plant using advanced pollution controls produces electricity at around 9-10 cents/kilowatt hour, making it more expensive than many other options. Even though the coal industry likes to talk about “clean coal”, it works to prevent pollution standards being adopted at the national level precisely because it makes coal more expensive than other options. Building coal plants today locks in a reliance on this dirty fuel for 40 to 50 years. Coal prices are volatile and unpredictable: once constructed, a plant will have limited options over the next 40 to 50 years for sourcing and transporting its coal requirements, reducing flexibility and exposing it to significant coal price risks. Moreover, recent data is showing that coal plants are being less and less utilised as cheaper options come online, with coal plants in China being utilised less than 50% of the time. As a result, researchers estimate that if all the coal plants in the pipeline today were built, this could result in up to $981 billion in stranded assets. When the industry talks about “clean coal,” it is referring to a range of technologies that burn coal more efficiently, and pollution controls that remove some of the nastiest pollutants from the smokestack. Yet even the most efficient coal-fired power plants only operate at around 44% efficiency, meaning that 56% of the energy content of the coal is lost. These plants emit 15 times more carbon dioxide than renewable energy systems and twice as much CO2 as gas-fired power plants. Pollution controls can remove sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, PM2.5 and mercury from the smokestacks. However, installing these pollution controls can add hundreds of millions of dollars to the cost of a new coal plant, making them more expensive than other renewable options, and discouraging their adoption. Today many countries continue to build new coal plants and run existing coal plants without modern pollution controls, seriously affecting the health of their citizens. While pollution controls can remove a lot of the toxic waste from the smokestake, these toxins end up in the coal ash. This ash is stored in waste ponds or landfills which leach sulfur dioxide and heavy metals into surface and groundwater. Studies in the United States show an increase in water pollution after installation of scrubbers on coal plants. The coal industry advocates that carbon capture and storage (CCS) can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, CCS is an unproven technology which has not yet been implemented at a large-scale fossil fuel plant. The greatest barrier to CCS is its economic viability. Between 25-40% more coal would be required to produce the same amount of energy using this technology. Consequently, more coal would be mined, transported, processed and burned, increasing the amount of air pollution and hazardous waste generated by coal plants. The cost of construction of CCS facilities and the “energy penalty” would almost double the costs of electricity generation from coal, making it economically unviable. Furthermore, there are considerable questions about the technical viability of CCS. It is unclear whether CO2 can be permanently sequestered underground and what seismic risks underground storage poses. Ultimately, coal cannot be considered “clean” when you factor in the air and water pollution generated by coal mining, preparation, transport and combustion. Pollution from the coal life cycle harms human health and the environment. Clean coal is a dirty lie. In a desperate struggle for survival and relevance in a rapidly changing world, the coal industry has resorted to a public relations campaign claiming that coal is needed to alleviate energy poverty in the Global South. But this is nothing more than a shameless plot by the industry to keep itself alive. Coal is clearly not the way to deliver modern energy services to those who lack them. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), almost 85% of the 1.3 billion people without access to electricity are in rural areas. Without massive investment in poles and wires, boosting coal-fired generation capacity will do little for rural and remote communities. The IEA says that mini-grids or off-grid solutions will the best way of bringing modern energy services to 70% of the people who currently lack them, and 90% of that electricity must be provided by renewables. Coal plants will simply not reach the vast majority of people without access to electricity. In India, when a village is more than 5km from the grid, the cost of supplying electricity from decentralised renewable sources is far below the costs of supplying from conventional sources when grid transmission infrastructure is taken into account. Thermal coal generation capacity doubled in India between 2002 and 2013, yet the number of rural households connected to the grid increased by only 6.4% during the same period. In other words, large coal power plants are being built to supply power not to those without it, but to industry and the middle classes. Very often, communities that live closest to power plants are kept in the dark. Studies show that off-grid decentralised renewable energy systems can deliver household energy services faster and more cheaply than coal and other centralised generation sources, and without harming health or sacrificing clean air and water. In Kenya, to connect to the grid can cost one household between $900 and $4000. For just $900, this same household could purchase a home solar system capable of powering lights, computers, fans, charging cell-phones and a small refrigerator – without the monthly bills and reliability issues of the grid. Despite the coal industry’s rhetoric on energy poverty, The Australia Institute has found that what the industry says and what it does about energy poverty are very different. Peabody Energy, the leader of the campaign to brand coal as “Advanced Energy for Life”, does not donate money, staff time, expertise or discounted fuel to any project that directly alleviates energy poverty. Peabody’s only contribution to energy poverty is maintaining a website and social media page which promotes coal as the solution to the problem, and whose purported 500,000 followers have mostly been bought. More revealingly, while coal companies are not, in general, major contributors to energy poverty alleviation efforts, when they do contribute, it is with support for energy sources other than coal. The coal industry also argues that increasing the use of coal-fired power will improve health outcomes in developing countries, including by reducing air pollution from wood fires. Yet coal-fired power is a major contributor to poor air quality, killing hundreds of thousands of people per year and affecting the health of millions more. Add into this the 6 degrees of global warming that would be caused by the coal industry’s rapid expansion, and the health impacts on billions of people would be truly staggering. Coal-fired power plants in Germany are among the largest emitters of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon dioxide, however, they also emit a lot of other exhaust gases that are harmful to the environment and health, such as arsenic or mercury. Coal-fired power plants are among the biggest polluters in Germany. In electricity generation, carbon dioxide emissions totalled 269 Mt in 2018, which corresponds to around 30 % of Germany's greenhouse gas emissions. The vast majority (77%) of this came from Germany's lignite and hard coal-fired power plants, with only 36% of Germany's electricity demand being met by coal-fired power. Coal-fired power plants in Germany are decisively responsible for the emission of carbon dioxide and thus for the greenhouse effect. Coal-fired power plants are also increasingly proving to be a brake on a rapid energy transition. Lignite-fired power plants in particular often operate as base-load power plants and can only be regulated to a limited extent. This means that in the medium term they cannot provide the necessary reserve capacity for an energy supply with a high proportion of fluctuating photovoltaic and wind power plants. In addition to climate-damaging carbon dioxide, coal-fired power plants also emit a whole range of other pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, mercury and arsenic. Coal-fired power plants are responsible for a large part of all mercury emissions in Germany. In 2018, 8250 kg of mercury were emitted in Germany. The Jänschwalde lignite-fired power plant near Cottbus in Brandenburg alone emitted 672 kg of this. The pollutants are responsible for a large number of illnesses and even deaths. According to a Greenpeace study from 2013, around 3100 premature deaths in Europe were due to German coal-fired power plants. The Jänschwalde power plant is the German lignite-fired power plant with the highest emissions. According to a Greenpeace study, 373 deaths are said to be caused by the pollutant emissions of this power plant alone. Environmental data from the Jänschwalde power plant are therefore presented in more detail below as an example. Because of the enormous impact on the greenhouse effect, the massive emission of pollutants and the associated enormous damage to health, a responsible energy and environmental policy should aim at abandoning the use of coal in Germany as soon as possible. Renewable energies could provide the necessary replacement in a few years. The extraction of coal in opencast mines is associated with an immense consumption of land. While only lignite is mined in Germany, in other countries hard coal is also extracted in this way, for example in the El Cerrejón mine in Colombia, the largest hard coal mine in South America with an area of approx. 690 km². Another form is mountaintop removal mining, which is practised mainly in the American Appalachian Mountains and involves the blasting and removal of mountain tops so that the hard coal can then be extracted in opencast mines. In the Appalachians alone, the mining areas currently (2012) cover an area of about 5,700 square kilometres, often original forest areas. In addition, mining releases heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury, which pollute the environment and endanger the health of local residents, and there is also frequent flooding, as the deposit of overburden in valleys often buries river courses. In order to be able to exploit deposits as completely as possible, entire villages are sometimes resettled, which can lead to potential conflicts with the population (see also list of dredged localities). Under certain circumstances, areas of particular ecological or cultural value are destroyed - examples of this are the Lacoma pond landscape and the village of Lakoma, which had to make way for the Cottbus-Nord open-cast mine, as well as numerous villages in the Sorbian settlement area, which had to make way in recent decades or are still threatened today (see Mühlrose). In opencast lignite mines, large amounts of dust can be produced, similar to the dust produced in wide, dry fields in agriculture. Therefore, the use of efficient dust control technology is essential. Another aspect is the lowering of the groundwater level to a level below the deepest production level in opencast lignite mines. This is done with submersible pumps in wells specially created for this purpose. Lowering the groundwater level can have negative effects on flora, as upper soil layers can dry out. The lowering also causes nearby wells that draw their water from the affected aquifer to run dry. Conversely, the closure of an open-cast mine leads to an increase in the groundwater level as soon as the submersible pumps are turned off. This can cause major damage to buildings constructed in the vicinity. A well-known example of this is the area around the town of Korschenbroich, whose residents have been struggling with rising groundwater levels since the gradual closure of the Garzweiler I opencast mine. The greenhouse gas methane also escapes from coal mines. Burning coal produces carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases such as sulphur dioxide, and also emits pollutants that are harmful to the environment and health, such as fly ash, fine dust and heavy metals. Compared to other fossil fuels used in large quantities, the largest amount of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) is released per usable energy content. Due to their lower efficiency, lignite-fired power plants (approx. 1080 grams CO2/kWh) are less favourable than hard coal-fired power plants (approx. 800 g CO2/kWh). The release of CO2 during combustion with oxygen can only be reduced by improving the efficiency of the power plants and thus reducing coal consumption. In addition to the CO2 emitted directly in power plants and industrial facilities, further CO2 can be released by unintentional coal fires. Sulphur dioxide, which is mainly produced when lignite is burnt, is partly responsible for acid rain. In modern hard coal and lignite-fired power plants, the flue gases are cleaned of sulphur dioxide in flue gas desulphurisation plants, of nitrogen oxides by catalytic (SCR) or non-catalytic (SNCR) denitrification and of dust in electrical separators. The ash produced when coal is burnt contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury, but also of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium. The emission of dust leads to severe, health-threatening air pollution and the smog closely associated with it, especially in countries with only weak environmental protection regulations. This is a major problem especially in China, which relies heavily on coal as an energy source. Environmental, health and climate damage are negative effects of coal use that are not borne by the polluters, but by the general public. In economic terms, these are known as external costs. These social and environmental costs of conventional energy production have a considerable impact and in some cases even exceed the retail prices of electricity consumers. For the USA, for example, external costs of coal-fired power generation were calculated to be between 175 and 523 billion US dollars per year, with a conservatively calculated probable mean value of 345 billion dollars, or 17.8 ct/kWh. This does not take into account some negative consequential effects such as environmental effects from the release of toxic chemicals and heavy metals into the environment, eutrophication of water bodies through nitrogen input, consequential effects of acid rain and some of the consequences of global warming.

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